Introduction

This document provides a general overview of the intended use of the NeighborhoodIterator classes and their associated objects for low-level image processing in Itk. For a more detailed description of the API, please refer to the inline Itk documentation and manual.

: Neighborhood iterators are the abstraction of the concept of locality in image processing. They are designed to be used in algorithms that perform calculations on a neighborhood of pixel values around a point in an image. For example, a classic neighborhood-based operation is to compute the mean of a set of pixels in order to reduce noise in an image. This is typically done by taking a region of 3x3 pixels and computing the average of their values. A new image with fewer narrow high frequency spikes (noise) is produced using the resulting means.

: This code in classical texbook notation can look like:

int nx = 512;
int ny = 512;
ImageType image(nx,ny);
for(int x=1; x<nx-1; x++)
{
  float sum = 0;
  for(int y=1; y<ny-1; y++)
  {
    sum += image(x-1,y-1) + image(x  ,y-1) + image(x+1,y-1);
    sum += image(x-1,y  ) + image(x  ,y  ) + image(x+1,y  );
    sum += image(x-1,y+1) + image(x  ,y+1) + image(x+1,y+1);
  }
}

: The code above is readable and straightforward to implement. But its efficiency is limited to the speed of random access into the image. It also assumes a two dimensional image. We can eliminate the random access bottleneck by using iterators to dereference pixels, and for a two-dimensional image, code-readability may not suffer much. But what if we want code for three or more dimensions? Before long, the code size and complexity will increase to unmanageable levels. In Itk, we have encapsulated this functionality for efficiency, readability, and reusability.

Neighborhood iterators

itk::Image neighborhood iteration and dereferencing is encapsulated in the itk::NeighborhoodIterator classes. ITK NeighborhoodIterators allow for code that is closer to the algorithmic abstraction,

ForAllTheIndicies i in Image
   GetTheNeighbors n in a 3x3 region around i
     Compute the mean of all pixels n
       Write the value to the output at i

Here is how the pseudocode above can be rewritten in ITK using neighborhood iterators: ( In the code examples that follow, some template parameters may have been omitted for clarity. )

 using ImageType = itk::Image<float, 2>;
 using NeighborhoodIterator = itk::SmartNeighborhoodIterator<ImageType>;
 using ImageIterator = itk::ImageRegionIterator<ImageType>;
4
 ImageType::Pointer input_image  = GetImageSomehow();
 ImageType::Pointer output_image = GetImageSomehow();
7
 // A radius of 1 in all axial directions gives a 3x3x3x3x... neighborhood.
 NeighborhoodIterator::RadiusType radius;
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < ImageType::ImageDimension; ++i) radius[i] = 1;
11
// Initializes the iterators on the input & output image regions
NeighborhoodIterator it(radius, input_image,
                                output_image->GetRequestedRegion());
ImageIterator out(output_image, output_image->GetRequestedRegion());
16
// Iterates over the input and output
for (it.SetToBegin(), out = out.Begin(); ! it.IsAtEnd(); ++it, ++out )
  {
    float accum = 0.0;
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < it.Size(); ++i)
      {
        accum += it.GetPixel(i);
      }
    out.Set(accum/(float)(it.Size()));
  }

: Note that the computational work is confined to lines 18-26. The code is also completely generalized for multiple dimensions. For example, changing line 1 to:
1 using ImageType = itk::Image<float, 5>;

produces an averaging filter for five-dimensional images.

: The values in the neighborhood are dereferenced through the GetPixel(n) method of the iterator. Think of the iterator as a C array, storing neighborhood values in the same order that they are stored in the image, with the lowest dimension as the fastest increasing dimension.

Neighborhood operators and operations

NeighborhoodOperators are container classes for generating and storing computational kernels such as LaPlacian, Gaussian, derivative, and morphological operators. They provide a generalized interface for creation and access of the operator coefficients.

: Applying a NeighborhoodOperator to a NeighborhoodIterator requires defining some sort of operation. One common case is that of convolution with a kernel of coefficients. In Itk, convolution filtering of an image can be done in just a few lines of code using an inner product operation between a neighborhood iterator and an operator. The following convolution with a LaPlacian kernel demonstrates this concept.

LaPlacianOperator<double, 3> OP;
ImageIterator out( outputImage, regionToProcess );
NeighborhoodIterator it ( OP.GetRadius(), inputImage, regionToProcess );
NeighborhoodInnerProduct IP;
5
out = out.Begin();
for (it.SetToBegin(); it != it.End(); ++it, ++out)
{
  out.Set( IP( it, OP) );
}

: Sometimes it may be more appropriate and efficient to work outside of the operator/operation model. The mean calculation above is one example. A `‘half’' directional derivative, shown below, is another example.

NeighborhoodIterator::RadiusType radius = {1, 0, 0};
NeighborhoodIterator it(radius, inputImage, regionToProcess)
ImageRegionIterator out( outputImage, regionToProcess );
for (it.SetToBegin(); it != it.End(); ++it, ++out)
{
  out.Set( it.GetPixel(3) - it.GetPixel(2) );
}

: In this example the neighborhood is defined as a three pixel strip with width along only the first axis. Mapping the spatial orientation of neighborhood pixels to the array location is the responsibility of the code writer. Some methods such as GetStride(n), which returns the stride length in pixels along an axis n, have been provided to help in coding algorithms for arbitrary dimensionality. The index of the center pixel in a neighborhood is always Size()/2.

Calculations at image boundaries

For any neighborhood operation, conditions at data set boundaries become important. SmartNeighborhoodIterator defines a special class of neighborhood iterators that transparently handle boundary conditions. These iterators store a boundary condition object that is used to calculate a value of requested pixel indices that lie outside the data set boundary. New boundary condition objects can be defined by a user and plugged into SmartNeighboroodIterators as is appropriate for their algorithm.

: A SmartNeighborhoodIterator can be used in place of NeighborhoodIterator to iterate over an entire image region, but it will incur a penalty on performance. For this reason, it is desirable to process the image differently over distinct boundary and non-boundary regions. Itk's definition of image regions makes this easy to manage. The process is as follows: first apply the algorithm over all neighborhoods not on the image boundary using the fast NeighborhoodIterator, then process each region on the boundary using the SmartNeighborhoodIterator. The size of the boundary regions are defined by the radius of the neighborhood that you are using.

: Rewriting the inner product code using this approach looks like the following. (Here we are using the default SmartNeighborhoodIterator boundary condition and omitting some template parameters for simplicity.)

using RegionFinderType = NeighborhoodAlgorithm::ImageBoundaryFacesCalculator;
 
LaPlacianOperator<double, InputImageType::ImageDimension> OP;
 
RegionFinderType regionCalculator;
RegionFinderType::FaceListType regions;
RegionFinderType::FaceListType::iterator regions_iterator;
 
regions = regionCalculator( inputImage, regionToProcess, it.GetRadius() );
regions_iterator = regions.begin();
 
ImageIterator out;
 
//
// Process non-boundary regions normally.
//
out = ImageIterator(outputImage, *regions_iterator);
NeighborhoodIterator it (OP.GetRadius(), inputImage, *regions_iterator);
NeighborhoodInnerProduct IP;
out = out.Begin();
for (it.SetToBegin(); it != it.End(); ++it, ++out)
{
  out.Set( IP( it, OP) );
}
 
//
// Process each boundary region with boundary conditions.
//
SmartNeighborhoodInnerProduct SIP;
SmartNeighborhoodIterator sit;
for (regions_iterator++ ; regions_iterator != regions.end(); regions_iterator++)
{
  out = ImageIterator(outputImage, *regions_iterator);
  sit = SmartNeighborhoodIterator(OP.GetRadius(), inputImage, *regions_iterator);
  for (sit.SetToBegin(); sit != sit.End(); ++sit, ++out)
  {
    out.Set( SIP( sit, OP) );
  }
}

: The NeighborhoodAlgorithm::ImageBoundaryFacesCalculator is a special function object that returns a list of sub-regions, or faces, of an image region. The first region in the list corresponds to all the non-boundary pixels in the input image region. Subsequent regions in the list represent all of the boundary faces of the image (because an image region is defined only by a single index and size, no single composite boundary region is possible). The list is traversed with an iterator.

Further information

Many filters in Itk use the neighborhood iterators and operators. Some canonical examples of their use include the class of AnisotropicDiffusionFunctions and the morphological image filters. itk::WatershedSegmenter also makes extensive use of the neighborhood iterators.

: The best documentation of the API for these objects is are the class definitions themselves, since the API is subject to change as the toolkit matures and is refined.